Colonialism Imperialism AND WEST IN INDONESIA

A. NATION WEST ARRIVAL IN INDONESIA
Lack of supply is the spice that drives diEropa traders and explorers of the English, Spanish Portuguese and Dutch sailing keTimur including Indonesia.Colonialism: It is understood that aims to dominate others to expand the country's territory or
                           into a colony.
                           Revolution makes the basic materials industry increasingly steeper europe.Imperialism: It is a notion that aim to colonize other nations in order to gain power and
                          profitAncient imperialism was before the industrial revolution and aiming to get precious metals (gold), the nation's glory (glory) and spread the teachings of the Bible (gospel).While the goal of modern imperialism is:1. Getting the raw materials industry producing areas2. Getting the marketing area idustri3. Getting invstasi area for long-termBackground and Powers arrival of Europeans in Indonesia1) The arrival of the Spanish in IndonesiaIndian archipelago rich in spices oeh Columbus first discovered in 1492. In 1521 the Spanish fleet under the command of Sebastian Del Cano landed in Maluku and buy lots of spices. News of success finding sources spices make Spanish ships flock flocked to the Moluccas. In addition, the arrival of Spanish as well to spread the Catholic faith by a priest named Frasniscus Xavier2) The arrival of the Portuguese in Indonesia1511, the Portuguese led by Alfonso De Albuequequeque made it to Cape of Good Hope (Cape of Good Hope) southern tip of the continent Afrika.Mereka fight against Sultan Mahmud next Syah.Pelayaran led Vasco da Gama in calicut India mendara 1498.tahun year 1510 the Portuguese sent Alfonso de Albuquerque to attack Malacca, 1511Malacca Portuguese dikalahkan.1512 successfully led the conquest of the Moluccas Francisco Serro. Portuguese can be expelled from the territory of Maluku and Maluku expelled 1575.Setelah years Malacca, the Portuguese intend to conquer the rich Sumatra pepper but was blocked by the kingdom of Aceh who controlled the trade route sumatera.Portugis pepper then expand to Java and trade relations with Blambangan, Pasuruan and the surrounding area.3) The arrival of the Dutch in Indonesia
 Jan Huygen van Linschoten Dutch sailors who took part in the Portuguese trading voyage to the continent of Asia, then in 1595 published a book containing maps, image area and the type of goods traded note titled Journey to the East or the Indian Portugi.Berdasarkan book, 4 Dutch merchant ship cruise under the command of Cornelis de Houtman stir into the Moluccas and bought spices and initiate the arrival of the Dutch in Indonesia.Power VOC in Indonesia
      Prices are expensive spice in europe profitable traders this encourages the Dutch to sail kemaluku that produce spices rempah.Tahun 1598 Dutch parliament (the States General) to the shipping company established a trading kosiProposed executing March 1602 with the formation of airline alliances hindiya east vereenigdde Oost indine cmpagenie (VOC) based in amsterdamTo support the existence of the Dutch parliament VOC oktrooi granting the contents:a. perdangangan monopoly rights in the region between the U.S. and Africab. has the right to force a machete and build defensesc. the right to make war and colonized. rights as the Dutch government in Indonesiae. right to make a covenant with the kings in Indonesiaf. the right to tie up employeesg. the right to print and circulate their ownh. the right to levy taxesVOC grew into a joint venture and a successful bazaar dangang perdangangan monopoly in Indonesia. Dana in the lift of a governor-general VOC in Indonesia.In perdangangan spice monopoly in Indonesia VOC impose the following matters.A. ekterpasi rights, namely the right to reduce the yield of spices by cutting or memusnahkanya when
     should aim to spice controlled prices remain profitable VOC.B. cruise hongi. That supervision of the conduct of trade monopoly in Indonesia then the farmer was arrested and toasty spice rempahnya sold to another party VOC.VOC trade partnership to the benefit of the Dutch government so that to be rich. But wealth voc long walkin on abat XVIII. Sebap-sebap setback voc.adalaha. many employees voc corruptionb. Indonesia broad wilaya memrlukan big biyayac. cost of the war to crush the tribes Indonesia is huged. competition with other state farm partnership eg with EIC-owned English at ahirnya owes 130 million guilders in walkin sangup pay it all. voc treasures in Indonesia belongs to the Dutch empire dissolved VOC 31 desmber 1799.4) The power of the French in Indonesia
      France under Napoleon Bonaparte defeat the Dutch and rule colonies shg
      region including Indonesia Dutch population into the territory of the French Year 1808,
      Prancismengangkat Herman Willem Daendels be gub.Jend Dutch in Indonesia with its main taskmaintaining Java Island Dr. English attack. The main concern deandels adl trade for example:a. build a road from anyer-raisingb. perform forced labor systemc. mebangun armyd. itern meddle kerjan Indonesiae. makes the system of government in grotol1811 Deandels kebelanda withdrawn and replaced by the Jansens for his cruelty inflict hardship on the people of Indonesia have a lot of resistance.18 september 1811 signed the capitulation Tuntang Jansens containing Batavia submission to the British because of the defeat elanda when the British attacked Batavia.5) The power of the English in IndonesiaEIC / east Indian Company (UK Trade airlines that represent British Government in Indonesia.Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was appointed governor MJD jenderal.yang done stamford Raffels in antaralaina. divide into 16 residencies Java islandb. reduce power regentsc. eliminate forced labord. remove shipping hongi voc modelse. prohibit slaveryf. delete tributeg. sewah adopted landh. implement the system pemuliyan
6) The power of the Dutch in Indonesiadue to French lost the battle, Napoleon signed the Convention hrs London in 1814. London Convention 1814 Results:
 1.prancis countries must return before any attack jajahnya napolion
 2. Indonesia hrs diserakan back KPD dutch but the island farts, belitung, & bengkulu not handed over
     To overcome Indonesia's economy and government coffers are empty due to the cost of the defense, was appointed economist Van den Bosch.van den bosch proposal: Cultivation system implementation stalsel defense / resistance force on the island of Java since th 1830.Terms of cultivation systems:1. fifth part of the land owned by Indonesia fertile land made mandatory in exports2. land freed from the obligation to pay taxes3. yields in a jumble Dutch government4. tapsiran when crop prices exceed the tax, the excess is to the right of the people5. crop failures in responsibility by the government6. Labor that used for growing rice morbidly blh lbh kentuan barred Dutch governmentIn practice, many Dutch government violated provisions such as:1. land used as cropland export not only a fifth part, but wholly2. export crops planted remained in taxes collected3. gegalan harvest ditangung by the people themselves and not the government4. if the estimated tax exceeds harvest, the excess was not given the people5. tenagayang exceeds the power used to grow rice

     B.AKIBAT Cultivation System
 Not all parties agree to the implementation of the Dutch cultivation in Indoesia.Golongan against:
 Owner Capital Group / the Capitalist- Urges the system of forced cultivation deleted ago granted the Dutch Government with the implementation of open-door policy, in allowing the entry of private investors to invest in Indonesia.1. Dutch humanist Group· Edward Douwes decker
                      Edward Douwes decker before a government bureaucrat belanda.Yang look under the pseudonym Multatuli, Douwes decker creating a cultivation system in a book entitled Max Havelaar, thanks to this book he, the Dutch humanist group knows the suffering of the people of Indonesia.· Vande venter
              Vande venter Meng criticized the existence of the system of forced cultivation, he arranged for the Dutch government did reciprocation are known by the ethical sabagai follow the Dutch government made repairs in industry, education, and transmigasi in the 20th century, the political implementation greatly help the progress Indonesia later days.· Baron Van Hoevel
               Its capacity as a pastor he opposes forced through preaching - preaching church.· The liberals in the netherlands
               Dutch parliamentary majorities in controlled by the conservatives, Minorities / Group opsisi are liberals, voicing that cultivation in clear, effort has gained the sympathy of most of the Netherlands, the People's Indonesia triumph of the existing (pd Liberal election 1860)· Planting forcibly removed in 1870, the abolition of forced cultivation in that year.
                       Dutch Government held an open door policy by issuing laws - laws agrarian land ownership in the area jajahan.berdirilah large plantations owned by private people to rent land, the open door policy to bring benefits to the people of Indonesia, emerging political reciprocation (the ethical) that began the political implemented in 1900.
D. EFFECT OF THE NATION Imperialism Colonialism AND INDONESIA
      Various efforts have been done invaders affect the life of the Indonesian nation in all bidang.Akhirnya conditions change, the political, economic, social, and cultural nature in Indonesia which forced a goal only - to perpetuate their eyes in the colonies.Some of the changes that occur in the life of the Indonesian nation is as follows:1. Politics.
 Dutch government made several changes to the civil service provisions in the first by a line change to the system kepegawaian.Belanda president appoint someone to oversee the colonial government and also pay attention to planting materials Uphold pangan.Belanda regents to oversee the implementation of the compulsory and ensure perjualan only the Dutch government.
    Helped change the system of government in Indonesia during Daendels power (1808 - 1811) he makes Java as the center of government and divide it into unity - the unity of the region which is called Perfecture.
    The legal system also experienced a very mendasar.Daendels pioneered modern Western law enforcement through the courts every Perfecture natives that called Landgrecht.
      2. Economics
         Progress dutch mngeksplorasi encourage industry resource alam.Seperti mine development
        oil and the construction of railroads.
     Social 3.Bidang
    In the reign of the Netherlands, the highest status owned by the Europeans because they are the next penguasa.golongan asia far east, like the Chinese, Indian, and Arabic which is the lowest pedagang.kedudukan adl or the indigenous people of Indonesia who mrpk the majority.4. Field of Culture
    The entry of foreign nationals into Indonesia raises westerniasi, the cult of western culture in berlabihan.
    In 1848, the Dutch colonial government established schools in every district in the mass limited. The school is HIS (Hollandsche Inlandsche School) AMS (Algemeene Middel Bare schol) and HBS (Hoogere Burger schol), 1851, the Dutch colonial government established a new school Kweek School and Hoogere Kweek School, School Doctor STOVIA. The end of the 19th century, the Dutch colonial government opened a school for the natives, the school and the school number 1 number 2 of a general nature and provide basic reading, writing, arithmetic, and so on.
E. OPPOSITION TO THE POWER OF FOREIGN NATIONS INDONESIA
            Monopoly of the spice trade, cultivation, forced labor, incite hatred in the hearts of the people of Indonesia and raises their desire for tyranny melewan nation eropa.muncul resistance against the Indonesian nation European power.1. Resistance Demak-The war against the Portuguese in makala occurred in 1512 and 1513- The attack led by Dipati unus2. Acehnese people's resistance- Aceh see that the presence of the Portuguese in Malacca threaten to drive trading activity
  wars against the Portuguese from Malacca. Year 1607-1636 Sultan Iskandar Muda leading the attack against the Portuguese.3. Resistance Mataram kingdom- The presence of VOCs in batavia also have the same intention, which controlled the whole island of Java.- Sultan grand attempt mngusir Voc in batavia- The first attack on the launch of the Mataram kingdom under the leadership Bahurekso, but failed4. resistance Sultan Hasanudin-Measures will be undertaken Sultan Hasanudin resulted in a war from 1666 to 1667.VOCs are assisted by an enemy Arupalaka Sultan Hasanudin5. Resistance Patimura- Coming to power in Maluku Dutch opposition from embarrassment
      The cause of embarrassment resistance include:
   a .. Oppression and arbitrary treatment - mena of VOC to the past
   b. People For Your Business Deployment in Dutch soldiers
   c.Di on again forced labor which had already been in clear english
     - The war began on 15 May 1817
     - War on August 3, 1817 the Dutch finally managed to get back control of Fort Deurtede6. Padri War (1821 - 1837)- There were two powerful groups that influence the lives of people in West Sumatra pd- Goal of a role that indigenous Islamic prev grown in West Sumatra- Group or Ulema Islam after Islam evolved on Earth Minang.1. Period 1821-1825
  in this period under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel dutch Raaf Directing his troops to help young indigenous Dutch troops for control of the area and established a fort Fort vander Capellan.untuk avoid greater losses dutch and Dading entered into Padang (1824) refinement is done by colonels Stuers year agreement 1825.Isi agreement: Held ceasefire, Power Tuanku Imam Bonjol recognized religious affairs in West Sumatra is no longer interfered with the Dutch.2. Period 1826 - 1830concentration during this period was split because the Dutch island of Java Diponegoro war. to strengthen its defenses in western Sumatra the Dutch established Fort kock on high hills3. Period 1831 - 1836In this period, the concentration of Dutch sent soldiers who were captured in Java Diponegoro war to aid the Dutch in West Sumatra.7. bone war (1824 - 1825)
     Bone War broke out in 1824 - 1825 people led by the sultan bone bone.Perlawanan bone occurs because people want to master the Dutch South Sulawesi. after Sultan Bone claimed to lose the war. Bone was finally brought under control by the Dutch.8. Diponegoro War (1825 - 1830)
    Diponegoro War was led by Prince Diponegoro and assisted Ali Basyah, Prince Mangkubumi, and Kyai Mojo.Cause Diponegoro War:1. Dutch intervention in government affairs Mataram kingdom2. Necking region Mataram kingdom because it was given to the Netherlands as compensation that is given.3. Dutch taxation more burdensome.4. Ketindak discontent of the nobles as stout loss of their rights.5. Suzerainty diminishing Mataram kingdom and revenue decreases.6. Because trading activity declined Mataram ports in the north of Java has mastered the Netherlands.In 1830 at the home of President kedu in Magelang going negotiations. Prince Diponegoro in Semarang waste, Batavia, Manado and Makassar to death on January 8, 1855.Diponegoro war:
  A. Many spend cash dutch
  B. The power of the kings / nobles in Jogjakarta and Surakarta reduced
  C. Dutch get jogjakarta areas and in Surakarta9. Resistance starch Jelantik from Buleleng kingdomThe main target is the kingdom of Buleleng Netherlands under the leadership of I Gusti Ketut Jelantik. Buleleng kingdom held resistance to the Dutch in 1846.the cause is as follows
         a. Tawangkarang law because it is not recognized by the Dutch
         b. Dutch forced the king - the king bali to recognize its sovereignty
         c.Belanda want trade monopoly battle lasted from the year 1846 - 1849 with the defeat in
            the Kingdom of Buleleng.10. War series
    Banjar War broke out because they said the Dutch intervention in the affairs of the kingdom. Resistance continues to lead the prince continued to the end prince Antasari Azhar in 1862.Dilanjutkan by their children to free banjo from the Dutch influence.11. Resistance Singamangaraja 12Sisingamangaraja an influential monarch to 12 and beyond Dinuli & surrounding areas. Sisingamangaraja the Netherlands thdp XII inertia as:
       a. The influence of the smaller singaraja
       b. The existence of missionaries (Christian proselytizing mission) in Tapanuli and surrounding
       c. Netherlands to strengthen his power in order to Pax NetherlandesSpecific causes of resistance is resentment over the deployment of Dutch Sisingamangaraja diteruntung the pretext of protecting the spread and control of the Dutch over areas Tapanuli war was won by Sisingaraja to XII in 1507. After Sisingamangaraja fall, Tapanuli fell into the hands of the Dutch.

CONSUMER AND PRODUCER

Requirement fulfilled interchangeable objects satisfying the needs that such goods and services.
 
 3 goals kgiatan kunsumsi
     Eating, drinking dress is weeks to meet the physical kebtuhan scra lgsung means kunsumsi object is used to fulfill kbthnmu kmu hdup direct SCARA
A. consumption1. consumption is a part of purposeful For reducing or spend an object (goods and services) to meet the requirements within2. characteristics and distribution of consumer itemstraits - traits consumption objects:a. objects that are consumed aimed to fulfill the needs hidup.Penggunaan saws, hoes, machinery and other capital goods which aimed at gaining profit excluding items consumption activitiesb. benefits, value or volume used benda2.yg will be exhausted at once or gradually fadedistribution of consumables / absence of consumption objects:a. disposable consumables items: food, beverages, medicinesb. objects that repeated use: clothes, bags, shoes etc.

  3. Destination activities kunsumsiConsumption activities aim was to make ends meet in person. Eating, drinking, dressing is to meet the needs of direct physicalB. Theories of behavior kunsumenThe available resources are very limited while the choices are endless needs.
 The concept of choice is a fundamental behavior of konsumen.Konsep basic consumer behavior stating that consumers in general strive to achieve Utilities (Utility} that most of the objects in consumption.
 utility is how much an item or service to satisfy the needs of a person or a measure of satisfaction that is received from the use of goods and services ..utility value / use is another word for satisfaction.Although each individual has different needs, but there are similarities that any attempt to maximize kepuasaanya kunsumen within consuming.The theory of consumer behavior dpt explain how someone chooses a prodak are believed to provide maximum satisfaction although limited by revenue and goods
 Benefits and value to an itemUses objects1. Usability based form (utility of form)2. Usability by site (utility of pleace)3. Usability based on time (utility of time)4. Usability based on ownership (utility of possession / imnership)
b) The theory of cardinal and satisfaction issues

 APPROACH Cardinal (often also called marijinal approach utilty)
Cardinal approach within kunsumen analysis is based on: the level of satisfaction with the consumption of a product can be measured with a unit such as money, number, fruit. The greater the number of goods in large semakim kunsumsi kunsumen satisfaction level as well.
 Rational consumer will seek to maximize satisfaction with income that has and always make choices that will give them the greatest satisfaction.
use value total: total satisfaction that enjoyed by consumers on goods / services as a wholemarginal use value / marginal satisfaction: is the extra satisfaction which was enjoyed by kunsumen for any additional items / services that consume
1.HUKUM GOSEEN 1 (often also called the law of diminishing marginal use value decreases)by herman peneltian wenriich goseen:
law goseen 1If meeting the needs of a particular type of goods carried out continuously, the sense of joy mulamula be high, but the longer the pleasure smakin proficiency level will decrease to reach the limit saturated kahirnya

        2.HUKUM GOSEEN II
Humans need a variety of goods while limited income .. shingga needs to consider the level of intensity / urgent / whether those needs.goseen law 2Consumers would do such consumption to marginal sehingganilai any goods and services consumed will be the same.
This means that the final value of each product consumed has the same value.
C. PRODUCTIONproduction is an activity adds to avail of an object or to create a new object so it is more useful in meeting the needs of
 my goal is to meet human need to reach kemakmuran.Kemakmuran be achieved if sufficient goods and services available.D. FACTOR PRODUCTIONis any one is needed to produce goods and services.Factor of production factor consists of:1. Natural production factor / factor original production.Consisting of soil, water, sunlight, air and minerals2. Production factor labor3. Production factors of production capital4. Factor production expertise
C. THEORY OF PRODUCTION
 Factors of production also called inputs or outputsSbagai-factor production expenditure or output cntoh mabel
1. Classification of factors of productionFor the purpose of analysis of the production process, production factors (inputs) can be distinguished:- Factors of production remains a factor that can not be changed within a certain amount. Production factors can be changed, but at a very large and usually in the long run. Contohoya are buildings, machinery, and vehicles.- Factors of production are variable factors of production that can be changed quickly in the short term. Examples are labor and raw materials.Decisions - decisions taken by the manufacturer regarding the use of factors of production distinguished by:- Short-term is the period of time in which there is at least one factor of production that is still coupled with one or more input variables.- Long-term is a period of time, in which all factors of production change. Thus in the long run all factors of production are variable.Thus, the concept of a period in this case is not based on the time period (day, week, month, year), but it is a term Paraa ekenomi experts to keep or change of the factors of production.
 2.Perluasan Factor ProductionThe addition of the production can be done by adding the factor of production that is (extension) or increase existing production factor productivity (intensification).Things that must be considered to increase production:
 a.keterbatasan factor of production
       each region has a different natural resources. For example, the island of Java and Bali have population growth is so rapid that agricultural land is limited. Improving agriculture is not possible dilakukn the new land. Therefore, to increase agricultural production on the island of Java will be faster if done by intensification. For example, through improved irrigation, the application of good technology, pemupukkan, and nursery baik.sedangkan increase food production outside the island of Java and Bali are probably done by adding agricultural land (extensification), is to open a new land as farmland This has not been managed well.
  b.besar little effect of adding input to output
      fact indicates that the addition of land area and population with the same cost of a product can deliver results berbeda.oleh Therefore, in order to increase the quantity of output, we need to choose the combination of inputs tepat.dalam increase agricultural production, should be carefully combined addition of input that in the estimate will give the greatest output (the maximum). whether to do with adding natural resources, while the other remains or power sumbber add two till three resources.c.Produk total, marginal product and average productYou already know that the necessary production factors of production or inputs to produce goods and services. corn farmers would require agricultural land, maize seed, fertilizer, equipment, and personnel kerja.dalam this case, the output produced by farmers is corn.Now what if the farmer had to add one of the inputs, say labor? any added input will surely add to the output. if farmers had increased the number of its workforce then munkin he going to produce corn labih banya because all the land can be planted sooner.so, if we see that the premises adding labor and consider other factors of production or inputs fixed, the output is also bertambah.dlm this case, labor is considered as a variable factor of production can be changed {}.D.Hukum smakin declining marginal productwe now return to the example of corn farmers tadi.penambahan one employee was found to increase the amount of land planted with maize as the maximum.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND culprit

A. ECONOMIC ACTIVITYEconomic activities are: activities done in the field of ekonomi.secara general economic activity includes the production, distribution, and consumption.a. PRODUCTIONProduction is: activity adds utility (usefulness) of an object / create new objects more useful in meeting the needs. called barang.sedangkan production activitiesincrease the utility of an object without changing its shape called production services.

 Production of goods: adding activities avail of an object by changing the nature and form of production of goods further divided based on the production of consumer goods and capital goods production.· And consumer goods are goods that are ready for consumption· Merupakn while capital goods used to produce the goods berikutnya.jadi goods, capital goods can not be used directly For requirements.
Production servicesProduction of services can be distinguished on services that directly meet the needs and services that are not directly meet kebutuhan.film, treatments, doctors, teaching, a teacher, or music performance, an example of the production of services that directly meet the needs. whereas recognition, warehousing, and banking are examples of indirect production needs.
B.tujuan production activities.
We can see that without production activities, which are manifold human needs can not be dipenuhi.kemajuan in terms of doing anything to do with the production standard of living. so, the general purpose of production is to meet human needs in order to achieve prosperity. please note that in some production activities terkait.pertama parties are parties that produce / production of goods and services which we refer to as produsen.sedangkan second party is the party that consumes the goods and services that konsumen.karenanya production goals can also be seen in particular from the point of interest of those parties.
For the producers, the goal is to raise the nkeuntungan production and sustaining the life of the company.As for the people or consumers, the production goal is to provide a variety of objects satisfying the needs.
2. Distributiona. Understanding DistributionIn order goods from the producer to the place consumers in need distribusi.Jadi activities, the distribution is the distribution or delivery of goods - goods and services - services from producers kekonsumen.
b. Destination Activity DistributionAs we know that the manufacturers are producing goods and services for their own use but not distributed to other manufacturers or distributed kekonsumen akhir.Jadi no distance or difference somewhere between producers and users. The purpose is to convey the distribution of wares and services from the producer to place the user or users.
c. Activity Distribution FunctionAfter learning dantujuan understanding of distribution activities, it can be concluded the role or function of the distribution is as follows.1. Streamlining the flow of supply of goods and services to the user - the user can be a manufacturer that uses basic ingredients and penggunaakhir.2. Delivering goods and services from producers sampa iketangan users.
d. Distribution ChannelsBecause of the differences channels, state, dankarakteristik different then physical distribution channels can be divided over the channel goods - consumer goods, the goods - goods industry and the results of agricultural goods.
            (I) Consumption goods distribution channel· Direct DistributionThat is a direct manufacturer to consumer channel.· Indirect distribution, the producers still use intermediaries in the distribution.
(Ii) the industrial distribution channel.because kekhasaasn or characteristics of industrial goods, which are more durable and produced in baynak (inderect selected distribution channels), the distribution of industrial goods using different channels to consumer goods that are relatively non-durable (usually direct the selected channel). in general, the distribution of industrial goods using four channels, namely:· Manufacturers - dealer - distributor of industrial products industrial products - industrial users.· Manufacturers - agents - pemkaai industrial· Manufacturers - distributor of industrial products - industrial users· Manufacturers - industrial users
                iii. Distribution channels of agriculturalcompared with the results of industry, agriculture has different characteristics. Industrial output are generally collected in relatively large quantities, while agriculture spread in the amounts are relatively small. Therefore, it is necessary for the purposes of distribution middlemen called brokers. Unless agriculture is widely cultivated land, which results in a large amount of the distribution channels similar to industrial companies.In general, the distribution channels of agricultural products on a small scale is:- Farmers - directly to the user- Farmers - middlemen - to the user- Farmers - middlemen - wholesalers - small merchants - users- Farmers - supermarkets - users3. Consumptiona. Understanding consumptionin economics, consumption is the act of spending or reduce progressively benagsur benefit of goods to meet the needs for memeliharakelangsungan hidpunya.b. Purpose of consumption activitiesPurpose of consumption activities are activities to make ends meet. Furthermore, the parties undertake economic activities are called economic agents.
B.PELAKU ECONOMYEconomic 1.PelakuA.Rumah The FamilyThere are two roles in the family household economic activity:~ First as a consumer: the family household purchase of household consumer goods manufacturers~ As a manufacturer: provide second factor of production in the form of labor, land, and capital.B.Rumah Appliances ManufacturerOften referred to as a company, is the unity of the juridical and economic factors factors of production that seeks to gain or provide services to the community.C.Pemerintah
 In Article 33, paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution is written. "Branches of production which are important for the country of residence and serving the people should be controlled by the state." Section later in article 33 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution states that "the earth and the water and the natural riches contained therein controlled by the state and used for the benefit of the people ". ats the basis of article 33, paragraph 2 and 3, the government must act as a principal basis of the article ekonomi.atas government also set up various state-owned enterprises, for example pertamina.disamping, the government also konsumsi.konsumsi activities that can be seen for example in shopping goods for state administration and maintenance costs for the property.
           in addition, the government also helped improve the welfare of the community. This task is realized by a variety of measures such as building public facilities and infrastructure such as roads, bridges and public parks. Government is also trying to create good conditions for trying to maintain price stability and treat regulatory climate encourages other government berusaha.peran equally important is the distribution of income did not arise so that the gap is too wide between sikaya and simiskin.distribusi income for example, the government through the application of the tax system can help the poor.D. People overseas
          people overseas also an economic actor to be reckoned with. without contact with people overseas, the economic situation will get worse.
         The following are the benefits gained by working with communities abroad.1. government can obtain a loan to finance the construction.2. agricultural and handicraft products exported from Indonesia to the country to get foreign exchange.3. enables the delivery of labor to work abroad.4. allows for the transfer of advanced technologies from overseas
    very beneficial for our country to build.E.Interaksi among economic actorsIn economic activity, 4 economic actors are always interacting with each other in accordance with a variety of transactions dilakukan.Misalnya: family households buy consumption goods from household produsen.sebaliknya household production requires two factors of production from households keluarga.Perusahaan pay taxes to the government, instead, the government built a variety of suggestions and general infrastructure untukkepentingan the family and household tanga produsen.dll

SOCIAL PROCESSES AND SOCIAL INTERACTION

living with humans can be seen in terms of static dr (msyrkt structure) and dynamic aspects (social process). and social interaction led to the social process of a msyrkt. desires that arise within dri dr natural scra take place.1.pengertian social interaction.
        etymologically, the word comes inter interaction, mean (berblas-blasan) and actions (ie actions).
        they will occur in the interaction between ke2nya hubngn reciprocal.· Young & Raymond w.nack mean that social interaction is that social relations that mnyngkut dynamic relationship between individuals, well as between individuals and klmpok· According Soerjono Soekanto (1990:67). this is because they are aware of others that cause changes in thoughts and feelings .. within intraksi sos, indivdu / collapsible groups cooperate or conflict.eg adala hubngn cooperation within a game, while examples of conflict hub adl gubernatorial candidate debate ..example of formal reprimand by superiors adlh giving bwahan KPD.hubngn example adl informal discussion of 2org hometown brsahabat old one ill brtemu.· Mnrut charles p.loomis, characteristic "adl sos interaction as followsa. Obviously Artpaper lbih dr ab.komnikasi between actors using the symbols and insigniac.ada dimension of time past, present, and future mendatangd.
    d.ada 7AN that to be achieved
    2.Syarat the social interaction
        mnurut SoerjonoSoekanto (1994:71), the interaction terms trpenuhinya2 sos trjdi Because the
        social contact and communication.
        Social a.kontak
           within sociology, social contact or tnpa hubngn interchangeable trjdidg fsik, such as patting shoulders
           who we greet. Contact sossial tnpa hubngn fsik, for example: communication with tlepon, electronic mail, etc..
          ~ By perpetrators, social contact interchangeable dbedakan MJD:
            1) social contact between individuals. example of a young mother talking dg.
            2) social contact between individuals dg kelompok.cth, an informant spoke didpn pserta
                seminar.
          3) social contact between groups. for example, s company give job orders KPD
             other companies.

    ~ Adjective "social contact as follows:
       a) positive if they produce work besifat sma & brsifat negative if mengasilkn conflict.
       b) if the offender primary brsifat brtmeu direct interaction, examples of teaching gru kls.Secondary brsifat if through intermediaries, for example a conversation through social telpon.kontak secondary direct, calling gru skolah kpla example. secondary social contact circumstantially, kpla example skolah call gru through the office boy.

    b.komunikasi
       communication contains components "as follows:
       communicator is someone / seklompok people who message, feelings, pendpt, gagasan/pkok2 mind
       KPD people / other klpom
       communicant: someone / seklmpok person who receives the message, feelings, on the other hand pendpt/pkok2Message: sgala something delivered by komunikator.Bisa information, instructions, thoughts, feelings.media, which means u / menyampaikn message. dpt oral communication media, text, images etc
 effect, ie a change that trjadi pd dr communicant after receiving a message communicator.
Lack of communication raises social contacts .. But social contacts are not always followed by communication. Eg conversation english speaking tourists. With ukang rickshaw who understand Idioms inggris.terjadi td tp td terjadikomunikasi social contacts because communicant tidk understand the message that was delivered communicator.

Definition and Examples of Chemical Elements

Benda yang ada di sekitar kita terdiri dari bagian-bagian yang kecil sebagai penyusun benda tersebut. Misalnya air yang mengandung gula. Ketika air gula dipanaskan, ada bagian yang menguap, yaitu air. Air mengandung unsur oksigen dan hidrogen. Pada saat itu terdapat pula bagian gula yang menghitam seperti arang yang berupa karbon.
Dengan demikian, gula terdiri dari bagian-bagian yang berupa karbon, hidrogen, dan oksigen. Bagian-bagian itulah yang disebut unsur.
Apa ya pengertian unsur? Unsur adalah zat tunggal yang tidak dapat diuraikan lagi menjadi zat lain yang lebih sederhana melalui reaksi kimia biasa. Jumlah unsur sampai sekarang ada 114 jenis. Dari 114 jenis unsur itu, sebanyak 92 jenis unsur terdapat di alam, sedangkan sisanya merupakan unsur buatan.
Elements classified elements into metals and non-metals. Metals such as gold, silver, iron, aluminum, copper, mercury, and so on. Non-metals such as hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur.

In nature there are 92 kinds of natural elements, while the rest are artificial elements. The total number of elements in the approximately 106 types of elements.

Examples of Chemical Elements
Here are some examples of chemical element symbol besera.

No.	Name Elements	symbol	information
1	Hidrogen	H	Gas
2	Helium	He	Gas
3	Lithium	Li	solid
4	Karbon	C	solid
5	Nitrogen	N	Gas
6	Oksigen	O	Gas
7	Fluor	F	Gas
8	Neon	Ne	Gas
9	Aluminium	Al	solid
10	Silikon	Si	solid
11	Fosfor	P	solid
12	Sulfur	S	solid